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Vehicle Accident Reconstruction: Technology and Animation

Die SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) ist ein Verein vergleichbar dem VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure), beschränkt sich aber auf den Bereich der Fahrzeugindustrie. Auf dem jährlich abgehaltenen Weltkongress beschäftigt sich eine kleine Untersektion mit Unfallrekonstruktion. Früher brachte die SAE jährlich einen Tagungsband Vehicle Accident Reconstruction, Technology and Animation heraus. Dieser hatte etwa DIN-A4-Format, war daumendick und kostete rund $100.

SAE Accident Reconstruction Technology Collection on CD-ROM

Etwa seit dem Jahr 2000 gibt es die komplette Sammlung sämtlicher jemals eingereichter Papers als Sammlung auf CDs. Die Beiträge bis einschließlich 1998 sind meist gescannt, teilweise allerdings in miserabler Qualität (Stand 2002). Die Beiträge ab 1999 wurden direkt in PDFs konvertiert. Als Benutzeroberfläche für den Zugriff auf die Papers dient Folio Views (jetzt Fast Folio), das die Suchergebnisse sehr ansprechend jeweils mit Abstract darstellt und direkt zu den PDFs verlinkt. Neben der Volltextsuche sind die Papers auch verschlagwortet. Die Wahl der Schlagworte ist jedoch nicht sehr effektiv, zumal Doppelworte (wie etwa crash stiffness) nur einzeln gesucht werden können (Stand 2002).

Die Sammlung kann man derzeit (2006) hier bestellen. Der Download des auf der gleiche Webseite angebotenen freien Demos lohnt sich kaum. Man lädt im Wesentlichen das Produkt Folio Views herunter, mit einigen wenigen Beipieldaten aus sehr verschiedenen Betätigungsfelder des SAE. (PDFs sind erst recht nicht dabei.) Man gewinnt über den Download (für den man sich als Benutzer registrieren lassen muss) bestenfalls einen Eindruck von der gekonnt gestalteten Oberfläche von Folio Views.

Die SAE-Papers sind fortlaufend nummeriert, sodass einzig die Angabe der Nummer das Paper ein Paper eindeutig bezeichnet. Die Nummerierung beginnt stets mit der Jahreszahl, die bis 1999 zweistellig war. Die nachfolgende Auflistung ist nicht annähernd vollständig. Wie bei der Beschreibung der Artikel im Verkehrsunfall ist die Inhaltsangabe zum jeweiligen Paper nicht einfach eine Übersetzung des Abstracts, sondern eine Zusammenfassung aus Sicht des jeweiligen Wiki-Autors.

SAE Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings on CD-ROM

Das Werk erscheint auf CDs sowie als gebundene Ausgabe. Die CDs – zumindest die mir vorliegende Version aus 1996 – enthalten einen Viewer ("SAE Move"), mit dem man die Daten (es handelt sich um gescannte Seiten) auf den CDs lesen kann. Diese US-amerikanische Konferenz wird wohl seit 1955 einmal jährlich abgehalten. Die aktuelle (12/2007) CD-Sammlung Stapp CD 2006 soll mehr als 1.150 technical papers von 1966 – 2006 enthalten und kostet $378,-.

Hinweis

Hier kann in der Sammlung der SAE-papers per Freitextsuche in Titel und abstract recherchiert werden, während hier die Sammlung mit über 1900 (Stand 02/2015) SAE-papers zum Fachgebiet Accident Reconstruction käuflich erworben werden kann. Die Sammlungen sind auch erhältlich mit Beschränkung auf das jeweilige Kalenderjahr:

• 2010 (25 papers): http://collections.sae.org/coll-tp-00008/
• 2011 (9 papers): http://collections.sae.org/coll-tp-00134/
• 2012 (29 papers): http://collections.sae.org/coll-tp-00253/
• 2013 (22 papers): http://collections.sae.org/coll-tp-00327/
• 2014 (15 papers): http://collections.sae.org/coll-tp-00393/

1971

• 710855 Strength and response of the human neck. Mertz, H.J.; Patrick, L.M.

1973

• 730980 Computer Program for Reconstruction of Highway Accidents

1974

• 741179 Results of Selected Applications to Actual Highway Accidents of SMAC Reconstruction Program

1975

• 750891 An Historical Overview of Research in Traffic Accident Investigation Activities
• 750893 A Comparison of Results Obtained With Different Analytical Techniques for Reconstruction of Highway Accidents
• 750894 Automated Accident Reconstruction
• 751154 Car-to-Car Side Impacts: Computerized Crash Reconstruction

1976

• 760776 Computer Aids for Accident Investigation

1978

• 780902 The Accuracy and Usefulness of SMAC

1979

• 791025 Further Validation of the Simulation Model of Automobile Collisions Program

1983

• 830610 Improvements to the SMAC Program
• 830612 Friction Applications in Accident Reconstruction. Warner, C.; Smith, G.; James, M.; and Germane, G.

1984

• 840250 Friction Factors for Motorcycles Sliding on Various Surfaces.

1985

• 850256 Accident Research and Accident Reconstruction by the EES-Accident Reconstruction Method

1987

• 870047 Applicability of the EES-Accident Reconstruction Method with MacCar©

1988

• 880227 SMAC-87
• 880064 Animated Reconstruction of Automobile Collisions Using SMAC
• 880069 An Overview of the Way EDSMAC Computes Delta-v

1989

• 890731 Driver Perception Response Time

1990

• 900099 Crush Energy Formulations and Single-Event Reconstruction
• 900102 Further Validation of EDSMAC Using the RICSAC Staged Collisions
• 900103 Tire-Roadway Friction Coefficients on Concrete and Asphalt Surfaces Applicable for Accident Reconstruction
• 900144 Driver's Response and Behavior on Being Confronted with a Pedestrian or a Vehicle Suddenly Darting Across the Road
• 900366 Testing and Analysis of Vehicle Rollover Behavior

1991

• 910125 The Calculation of Motorcycle Speeds from Sliding Distances
• 910368 Computer Accident Simulation - Pretty Pictures and the Real World

1992

• 921591 Pedestrian Involved Traffic Collision Reconstruction Methodology

1993

• 930653 Post-Impact Spin, 1968-1993
• 930654 Impact Model for Accident Reconstruction - Normal and Tangential Restitution Coefficients
• 930656 Reconstruction of Accidents Involving Highway Barriers
• 930659 The Physics of Throw Distance in Accident Reconstruction
• 930899 An Investigation into Vehicle Frontal Impact Stiffness, BEV and Repeated Testing for Reconstruction

1994

• 940564 Impact Center and Restitution Coefficients for Accident Reconstruction
• 940567 Reference Cases for Comparison of Collision Algorithms Used in Accident Reconstruction
• 940719 Use of Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques in Accident Reconstruction
• 940720 Monte Carlo Simulation Methods Applied to Accident Reconstruction and Avoidance Analysis
• 940722 Uncertainty in Accident Reconstruction Calculations
• 940915 Delta-V: Basic Concepts, Computational Methods, and Misunderstandings

1995

• 950135 The Technique of Uncertainty Analysis as Applied to the Momentum Equation for Accident Reconstruction
• 950139 Deceleration Factors on Off-Road Surfaces Applicable for Accident Reconstruction
• 950309 The Design of a Vehicle Inertia Measurement Facility
• 950659 An Overview of the HVE Human Model
• 952721 Human volunteer head-neck response in frontal flexion: a new analysis
• 952724 Human head and neck kinematics after low velocity rear end impacts – understanding "Whiplash"

1996

• 960657 Tire-Road Friction in Winter Conditions for Accident Reconstruction
• 960885 Validation of PC-Crash - A Momentum-Based Accident Reconstruction Program
• 960886 The Collision and Trajectory Models of PC-CRASH
• 960890 Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Simulation of Motor Vehicle Accidents

1997

• 970947 SMAC-97 Refinement of the Collision Algorithm
• 970949 CRASH-97 Refinement of the Trajectory Solution Procedure
• 970951 A comparison of moment of inertia estimation techniques for vehicle dynamics simulation
• 970960 Effects of Restitution in the Application of Crush Coefficients
• 970961 RICSAC-97 A Reevaluation of the Reference Set of full Scale Crash Tests
• 971108 Validation of Newtonian Reconstruction (CRASHEX) Against Simulations of RICSAC Staged Collisions
• 973284 Vehicle Dynamics Control for Commercial Vehicle

1998

• 980025 Crush Energy and Planar Impact Mechanics for Accident Reconstruction
• 980029 Crush Stiffness Coefficients, Restitution Constants, and a Revision of CRASH3 & SMAC
• 980367 Comparison of Tire Friction Test Methodologies Used in Accident Reconstruction
• 980368 The Measured Rolling Resistance of Vehicles for Accident Reconstruction
• 980375 Sensitivity of Accident Reconstruction Calculations

1999

• 1999-01-0100 Vehicle crash severity assessment in lateral pole impacts
• 1999-01-0102 An Overview of the EDSMAC4 Collision Simulation Model
• 1999-01-0103 Differences Between EDVDS and Phase 4
• 1999-01-0104 The DyMesh Method for Three-Dimensional Multi-Vehicle Collision Simulation
• 1999-01-1295 The Appropriate Use of “Delta-V” in Describing Accident Severity
• 1999-01-1336 Measured Vehicle Inertial Parameters – NHTSA's Data Through November 1998

2000

• 2000-01-0466 Utilizing Electronic Control Module Data in Accident Reconstruction
• 2000-01-0848 SMASH - Program for Car Accident Simulation
• 2001-01-0850 Vehicle impact response analysis through the use of accelerometer data
• 2000-01-0851 Techniques for the Reconstruction of Rollover Accidents Involving Sport Utility Vehicles, Light Trucks and Minivans

2001

• 2001-01-0499 Gdv, Bev and Coefficient of Restitution Relationships as Applied to the Interpretation of Vehicle Crash Test Data
• 2001-01-0500 Stiffness and Crush Energy Analysis for Vehicle Collision and Its Relationship to Barrier Equivalent Velocity (Bev)
• 2001-01-0501 Determination of BD1 Coefficients From Lower and Higher Speed Impacts Using Peak Force
• 2001-01-0502 Stiffness Parameters for Vehicle Collision Analysis, An Update
• 2001-01-0503 SIMON: a New Vehicle Simulation Model for Vehicle Design and Safety Research
• 2001-01-0504 Non-Linear Damage Analysis in Accident Reconstruction
• 2001-01-0505 PC-Crash and HVE, an Overview of Similarities and Differences
• 2001-01-0507 Reconstruction of Twenty Staged Collisions With PC-Crashs Optimizer
• 2001-01-0891 Coefficients of Restitution for Low and Moderate Speed Impacts With Non-Standard Impact Configurations
• 2001-01-0892 Dependence of a Coefficient of Restitution on Geometry for High Speed Vehicle Collisions
• 2001-01-0893 Low-Speed Impact Testing of Pickup Truck Bumpers
• 2001-01-0896 Pedestrian Behavior At Signal-Controlled Crosswalks
• 2001-01-0897 Real-World Walking Speeds of Young Pedestrians
• 2001-01-0898 Throw Model for Frontal Pedestrian Collisions
• 2001-01-0899 Human Occupant Motion in Rear-End Impacts: Effects of Incremental Increases in Velocity Change
• 2001-01-0900 Vehicle and Occupant Response in Heavy Truck to Passenger Car Sideswipe Impacts
• 2001-01-1281 Relationships Between Pre-Skidding and Pre-Braking Speed
• 2001-01-1282 Light Bulb Filament Analysis – Understanding the Effect of Inertial Impact Forces
• 2001-01-1283 Reconstruction of Accident Severity in a Multiple Vehicle Collision
• 2001-01-1284 Physical Evidence Analysis and Roll Velocity Effects in Rollover Accident Reconstruction

2002

• 2002-01-0019 Pedestrian Throw Kinematics in Forward Projection Collisions
• 2002-01-0549 Possible Errors Occurring During Accident Reconstruction Based on Car “Black Box” Records
• 2002-01-0817 Lane Change Maneuver Modeling for Accident Reconstruction Applications
• 2002-01-1566 Overview of CARAT-4, a Multi-body Simulation and Collision Modeling Program

2003

• 2003-01-0486 The Automatic Iteration of SMAC
• 2003-01-0488 Application of the Monte Carlo Methods for Stability Analysis within the Accident Reconstruction Software PC-CRASH
• 2003-01-0885 Development and Evaluation of Driver Response Time Predictors Based upon Meta Analysis

2004

• 2004-01-0171 Modeling Driver Response to Lead Vehicle Decelerating
• 2004-01-1207 Validation of the SIMON Model for Vehicle Handling an Collision Simulation – Comparsion of Results with Experiments an Other Models
• 2004-01-1216 Use of Throw Distances of Pedestrians and Bicyclists as Part of a Scientific Accident Reconstruction Method

2005

• 2005-01-1188 Application of Force Balance Method in Accident Reconstruction
• 2005-01-1195 Uncertainty Study of Road Accident Reconstruction - Computational Methods
• 2005-01-4063 Optimization Techniques Applied to the Problem of Ground Vehicles Accidents Reconstruction

2006

• 2006-01-0560 Friction Coefficient on Snowy and Icy Surfaces of Pneumatic Tires Fitted with or without Anti-Skid Devices (see also Impact Vol 16-3)
• 2006-01-0899 Accident Reconstruction for Rear Pole Impacts of Passenger Cars
• 2006-01-0907 Determination of Vehicle Velocities and Collision Location by Means of Monte Carlo Simulation Method
• 2006-01-1396 The Effect of Stiffness Coefficients on Output Variables in EDSMAC4 Simulations

2007

• 2007-01-0715 Uncertainty Analysis of the Preimpact Phase of a Pedestrian Collision
• 2007-01-0729 Accident Reconstruction Based on EDR Records - Simulation and Experimental Study
• 2007-01-0741 Considerations for Applying and Interpreting Monte Carlo Simulation Analyses in Accident Reconstruction
• 2007-01-0744 On the Concept of Inter-Vehicle Friction and Its Application in Automobile Accident Reconstruction

2008

• 2008-01-0168 Crash Pulse and DeltaV Comparisons in a Series of Crash Tests with Similar Damage (BEV, EES)
• 2008-01-0173 Roadway Asphalt Damage Force Analysis for Accident Reconstruction
• 2008-01-0183 Crash Pulse Scaling Applied to Accident Reconstruction
• 2008-01-0517 Occupant Trajectory Model using Case-Specific Accident Reconstruction Data for Vehicle Position, Roll, and Yaw
• 2008-36-0096 Ground Vehicles Accident Reconstruction using a Procedure based on Genetic Algorithms

2009

• 2009-01-0102 Tire Models for Vehicle Dynamic Simulation and Accident Reconstruction (siehe auch EVU 2008)
• 2009-01-0104 Monte Carlo Techniques for Correlated Variables in Crash Reconstruction
• 2009-32-0081 Rider Response Time in Motorcycle Riding

2010

• 2010-01-0070 Verification of ABS Models Applied in Programs for Road Accident Simulation
• 2010-01-0071 Sensitivity of Monte Carlo Modeling in Crash Reconstruction
• 2010-01-1581 Updating Generic Crush Stiffness Coefficients for Accident Reconstruction

2013

• 2013-01-0752 Light Bulb Filament Distortion Thresholds by Voltage and Delta-V
• 2013-01-0770 Energy Dissipation in High Speed Frontal Collisions
• 2013-01-0771 Commercial Vehicle Skid Distance Testing and Analysis
• 2013-01-0772 Modeling of Pedestrian Midblock Crossing Speed with Respect to Vehicle Gap Acceptance
• 2013-01-0778 Using Data from a DriveCam Event Recorder to Reconstruct a Vehicle-to-Vehicle Impact
• 2013-01-0779 Uncertainty in Calculations Using Lambourn's Critical Speed Procedure
• 2013-01-0780 Four-Point Planar Homography Algorithm for Rectification Photogrammetry: Development and Applications
• 2013-01-0781 Approach to Determine Slip Values Based on the Intensity of Tire Marks with Respect to Tire and Road Properties
• 2013-01-0784 The Accuracy of Photo-Based Three-Dimensional Scanning for Collision Reconstruction Using 123D Catch
• 2013-01-0785 The Accuracy of Pedestrians in Estimating the Speed of a Moving Vehicle
• 2013-01-0787 Determining When an Object Enters the Headlight Beam Pattern of a Vehicle
• 2013-01-0789 Friction, Tread Depth and Water; Laboratory Investigations of Passenger Car Tire Cornering Performance under Minimally-Wet Conditions
• 2013-01-0793 Two-Dimensional Collision Simulations of Low-Speed Crash Tests
• 2013-01-0794 Work-Energy Relationships for the Collinear Single Degree of Freedom Impact Model under the Case of Net Unbalanced Externally Applied Forces
• 2013-01-0796 Stiffness Coefficients of Heavy Commercial Vehicles
• 2013-01-0805 Assessment of Ear- and Tooth-Mounted Accelerometers as Representative of Human Head Response
• 2013-01-1265 Validation of Event Data Recorders in High Severity Full‑Frontal Crash Tests

2014

• 2014-01-0434 Impacts of Dynamic Rear Lighting on Driver Response
• 2014-01-0442 Analysis of Nighttime Vehicular Collisions and the Application of Human Factors: An Integrated Approach
• 2014-01-0464 Vehicle Acceleration Modeling in PC-Crash
• 2014-01-0466 Lane Change Maneuver Driving a Car with Reduced Tire Pressure
• 2014-01-0468 Prediction of Stiffness Coefficients for Frontal Impacts in Passenger Vehicles
• 2014-01-0469 Analysis of High-Speed Sideswipe Collisions Using Data from Small Overlap Tests
• 2014-01-0470 Pedestrian Impact on Low Friction Surface
• 2014-01-0473 Calculating Three Dimensional Stiffness Coefficients for Use in Three Dimensional Simulation Modeling for Accident Reconstruction
• 2014-01-0474 Calculating Non-Linear Frontal Stiffness Coefficients
• 2014-01-0477 Further Assessment of the Uncertainty of CRASH3 ΔV and Energy Loss Calculations
• 2014-01-0478 Time and Distance Required for a Motorcycle to Turn Away from an Obstacle
• 2014-01-0481 Comparison of Quasistatic Bumper Testing and Dynamic Full Vehicle Testing for Reconstructing Low Speed Collisions
• 2014-01-0483 Video Analysis and Analytical Modeling of Actual Vehicle/Pedestrian Collisions
• 2014-01-0490 Head Accelerations in Out-of-Position Postures in Low Speed Rear Impacts: A Comparison between Volunteer Data and GATB Simulation
• 2014-01-0493 Measurements of Non-Injurious Head Accelerations of Young Children
• 2014-01-0496 Airbag Deployment Thresholds from Analysis of the NASS EDR Database
• 2014-01-0501 The Use of Available Qualcomm Data in Accident Reconstruction and Analysis
• 2014-01-0517 Influences on the Risk of Injury of Bicyclists' Heads and Benefits of Bicycle Helmets in Terms of Injury Avoidance and Reduction of Injury Severity
• 2014-01-0518 Influence of Feature Lines of Vehicle Hood Styling on Headform Kinematics and Injury Evaluation in Car-to-Pedestrian Impact Simulations
• 2014-01-0524 The Effect of Rear Impact Collision Delta-V and Restraint Status on Injury Outcome
• 2014-01-0537 A Comparison of the NHTSA Research Offset Oblique and Small overlap Impact Tests and the IIHS Moderate and Small Overlap Tests
• 2014-01-1989 An Examination of Crash and NASS Data to Evaluate the Field Relevance of IIHS Small Offset Tests

2015

• 2015-01-0027 Method for Estimating Vehicle-Specific Frontal Stiffness Values in the Absence of an Applicable Crash Test Using Methodically-Distilled Data from the NHTSA Crash Database (Phase 1)
• 2015-26-0152 Crash Pulse Characterization for Restraints System Performance Optimization
• 2015-26-0162 Accident Analysis of a Two-Lane National Highway in India
• 2015-26-0167 Benefit Estimation of Anti-Lock Braking System for Powered Two Wheeler On Indian Highways
• 2015-26-0172 Behaviour of Car Drivers in Accidents used to Estimate the Benefit of Car Antilock Brake System on Indian Highways
• 2015-26-0241 Comparative Study between the WorldSID and the EuroSID II in Static Impact Tests
• 2015-01-1415 Features of Fatal Cyclist Injuries in Vehicle-Versus-Cyclist Accidents in Japan
• 2015-01-1416 Applying Camera Matching Methods to Laser Scanned Three Dimensional Scene Data with Comparisons to Other Methods
• 2015-01-1418 Pedestrian Throw Distance Impact Speed Contour Plots Using PC-Crash
• 2015-01-1419 Reconstruction of Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions Including an unknown Point of Impact
• 2015-01-1420 Medium Duty North American Delivery Van Frontal Barrier Crash Test Data for Crash Reconstruction
• 2015-01-1421 On the Directionality of Rollover Damage and Abrasions
• 2015-01-1422 Validation of Equations for Motorcycle and Rider Lean on a Curve
• 2015-01-1430 The Development of a Non-Linear Pressure Model of the FMVSS 214D Moving Deformable Barrier for Use in HVE
• 2015-01-1433 Nonlinear Optimization in Vehicular Crash Reconstruction
• 2015-01-1434 A Comparison of Bayesian Speed Estimates from Rollover and Critical Speed Methods
• 2015-01-1435 Assessment of the Accuracy of Google Earth Satellite Imagery for use as a Tool in Accident Reconstruction
• 2015-01-1437 Field-based Assessments of Various AIS2+ Head Risk Curves for Frontal Impact
• 2015-01-1439 Investigation on an Injury Criterion Related to Traumatic Brain Injury Primarily Induced by Head Rotation
• 2015-01-1442 Precise Dummy Head Trajectories in Crash Tests based on Fusion of Optical and Electrical Data: Influence of Sensor Errors and Initial Values
• 2015-01-1448 EDR Pulse Component Vector Analysis
• 2015-01-1450 Extracting Event Data from Memory Chips within a Detroit Diesel DDEC V
• 2015-01-1451 Injury Sources for Second Row Occupants in Frontal Crashes Considering Age and Restraint Condition Influence
• 2015-01-1461 Pedestrians Wrap Around Distance WAD and the Relevance as Influence Parameter for Head Injuries (dürfte dem VKU-Artikel Abwickellänge WAD des Körpers von Fußgängern und Radfahrern an der Pkw-Front und Relevanz als Einflussparameter für Kopfverletzungen aus 02/2015 entsprechen)
• 2015-01-1467 Effect of Vehicle's Front End Profile on Pedestrian's Lower Extremity Injury Pattern in Real World and Verification by Large Male FE Human Model
• 2015-01-1492 Influence of Introduction of Oblique Moving Deformable Barrier Test on Collision Compatibility